A widely read and frequently cited 2025 meta-analysis of 51 studies, which found positive effects of ChatGPT in education settings, has been retracted due to uncertainties about the studies and conclusions. A 2025 research paper finding substantial positive effects of ChatGPT on student learning outcomes was retracted last month, with the publishing journal Nature saying discrepancies “undermine the confidence the editor can place in the validity of the analysis and resulting conclusions.” The paper, The effect of ChatGPT on students’ learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking: insights from a meta-analysis, reviewed findings from 51 research studies published between November 2022 and February 2025.
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