Friday, February 28, 2025
Sam Altman hypes GPT-4.5 as the closest thing we have to AGI - Rafly Gilang, MS Power User
San Jose State University Creates 'AI Librarian' Position - Government Technology
Thinking ahead at what artificial intelligence (AI) means for academic assets and services, San Jose State University (SJSU) last week announced a new job title: AI librarian. One of the first dedicated AI librarians at any university, according to a news release last week, Sharesly Rodriguez, who has worked at the university library since 2020, will be responsible for integrating and developing AI technology for the university's academic library. According to SJSU, librarians typically collaborate with faculty and IT staff to provide information, resources and instruction both online and in person. They also manage digital assets, develop technology resources and promote library services. Within these duties, academic librarians often have one or more subject matter specialty, such as chemistry, history, or in Rodriguez’s case, AI.
Thursday, February 27, 2025
A look under the hood of transfomers, the engine driving AI model evolution - Terrence Alsup, Venture Beat
How an AI-enabled software product development life cycle will fuel innovation - Chandra Gnanasambandam, Martin Harrysson and Rikki Singh; McKinsey
By integrating all forms of AI into the end-to-end software product development life cycle (PDLC), companies can empower product managers (PMs), engineers, and their teams to spend more time on higher-value work and less on routine tasks. As part of this broad shift, they can incorporate more robust sources of data and feedback in a new development framework that prioritizes customer-centric solutions. This holistic redesign should ultimately accelerate the process, improve product quality, increase customer adoption and satisfaction, and spur greater innovation
Wednesday, February 26, 2025
The effectiveness evaluation of industry education integration model for applied universities under back propagation neural network - Ying Qi & Wei Feng, Nature
As the education field continues to advance, industry–education integration has become a crucial strategy for enhancing teaching quality in applied universities. This study investigates how artificial intelligence, specifically the back propagation neural network (BPNN), can be applied within an industry–education integration framework to strengthen students’ skills and employability. A series of experiments were conducted to assess the model’s effectiveness in linking theoretical learning with practical experience, as well as in improving students’ hands-on and innovative abilities. Results demonstrate that the BPNN-optimized model substantially boosts students’ overall competencies.
AI math tutor: ChatGPT can be as effective as human help, study suggests - Eric W. Dolan, PsyPost
A recent study published in PLOS One provides evidence that artificial intelligence can be just as helpful as a human tutor when it comes to learning mathematics. Researchers discovered that students using hints generated by ChatGPT, a popular artificial intelligence chatbot, showed similar learning improvements in algebra and statistics as those receiving guidance from human-authored hints. Educational technology is increasingly looking towards advanced artificial intelligence tools like ChatGPT to enhance learning experiences. The chatbot’s ability to generate human-like text has sparked interest in its potential for tutoring and providing educational support.
Tuesday, February 25, 2025
6 Ways Technology Transforms Learning Across Generations - Alexa Wang, Flux Magazine
The integration of technology in education has revolutionized how learners of all ages acquire knowledge. From children in preschool to adults seeking continued education, technology provides a multitude of resources that cater to diverse learning styles, making education more engaging and accessible. As we explore how technology transforms learning across generations, it becomes evident that innovations such as online courses, educational apps, and collaborative tools enhance the educational experience while fostering lifelong learning.
Leading Through Disruption: Higher Education Leaders Assess AI’s Impacts on Teaching and Learning - Imagining the Digital Future, Elon University
The spread of artificial intelligence tools in education has disrupted key aspects of teaching and learning on the nation’s campuses and will likely lead to significant changes in classwork, student assignments and even the role of colleges and universities in the country, according to a national survey of higher education leaders. The survey was conducted Nov. 4-Dec. 7, 2024, by the American Association of Colleges & Universities (AAC&U) and Elon University’s Imagining the Digital Future Center. A total of 337 university presidents, chancellors, provosts, rectors, academic affairs vice presidents, and academic deans responded to questions about generative artificial intelligence tools (GenAI) such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude and CoPilot. The survey covered the current situation on campuses, the struggles institutional leaders encounter, the changes they anticipate and the sweeping impacts they foresee. The survey results covered in a new report, Leading Through Disruption, were released at the annual AAC&U meeting, held Jan. 22-24, 2024, in Washington, D.C.
Monday, February 24, 2025
OpenAI Unveils GPT-5 With Cutting-Edge o3 Reasoning Model - Yasmeeta Oon, MSN.com
OpenAI is poised to revolutionize the artificial intelligence landscape with the imminent release of its highly anticipated GPT-5 large language model, featuring the groundbreaking o3 reasoning model. Scheduled to be integrated into the ChatGPT platform, this advanced model promises an enhanced and powerful user experience. CEO Sam Altman announced the company’s ambitious plans for the GPT-5 model on X, highlighting its significance as a major update to the current platform. The GPT-5 model will be available to all users with a ChatGPT account, allowing free tier users unrestricted access under a standard intelligence setting. While there are no charges for this tier, users will be subject to review based on abuse thresholds to maintain system integrity. The integration of the o3 reasoning model into GPT-5 signifies a major leap forward in AI technology, offering unparalleled capabilities.
Perplexity launches its own freemium ‘deep research’ product - Anthony Ha, Tech Crunch
Perplexity has become the latest AI company to release an in-depth research tool, with a new feature announced Friday. Google unveiled a similar feature for its Gemini AI platform in December. Then OpenAI launched its own research agent earlier this month. All three companies even have given the feature the same name: Deep Research. The goal is to provide more in-depth answers with real citations for more professional use cases, compared to what you’d get from a consumer chatbot. In a blog post announcing Deep Research, Perplexity wrote that the feature “excels at a range of expert-level tasks—from finance and marketing to product research.”
Sunday, February 23, 2025
Musk Staff Propose Bigger Role for A.I. in Education Department - Dana Goldstein and Zach Montague, NY Times
Allies of Elon Musk stationed within the Education Department are considering replacing some contract workers who interact with millions of students and parents annually with an artificial intelligence chat bot, according to internal department documents and communications. The proposal is part of President Trump’s broader effort to shrink the federal work force, and would mark a major change in how the agency interacts with the public. The Education Department’s biggest job is managing billions of dollars in student aid, and it routinely fields complex questions from borrowers.
Replit and Anthropic’s AI just helped Zillow build production software—without a single engineer - Michael Nuñez, Venture Beat
Zillow just built production software — without hiring a single engineer. Instead, non-technical employees used Replit and Anthropic’s Claude tool to create working applications that now route more than 100,000 home shoppers to agents. This isn’t just no-code; it’s AI-assisted software development at enterprise scale, powered by Claude and Replit’s automation stack. With a global developer shortage looming, this shift could redefine how software gets built — and who gets to build it.
Saturday, February 22, 2025
AI humanoid robots are closer - thanks to new $350 million investment - Sabrina Ortiz, ZDnet
Why OpenAI’s Agent Tool May Be the First AI Gizmo to Improve Your Workplace - Kit Eaton, Inc.
Many of us have by now chatted to one of the current generation of smart AI chatbots, like OpenAI’s market-leading ChatGPT, either for fun or for genuine help at work. Office uses include assistance with a tricky coding task, or getting the wording just right on that all important PowerPoint briefing that the CEO wants. The notable thing about all these interactions is that they’re one way: the AI waits for users to query it before responding. Tech luminaries insist that next-gen “agentic” AIs are different and can actually act with a degree of autonomy on their user’s behalf. Now rumors say that OpenAI’s agent tool, dubbed Operator, may be ready for imminent release. It could be a game changer.
Friday, February 21, 2025
Quantum Large Language Model Launched to Enhance AI - Berenice Baker, Enter Quantum
Secqai, a company specializing in ultra-secure hardware and software, has launched a hybrid quantum large-language model (QLLM). The QLLM aims to enhance AI applications by integrating quantum computing with traditional large language models (LLMs) to improve computational efficiency while enhancing problem-solving and linguistic understanding capabilities. The new model, which the company said is a world first, resulted from Secqai's research into how the next generation of accelerated computing could be transformed with a QLLM and quantum machine learning.
Superagency: The transformative potential of AI - McKinsey
There’s a critical difference between AI and AGI [artificial general intelligence]. Although the latest gen AI technologies, including ChatGPT, DALL-E, and others, have been hogging headlines, they are essentially prediction machines—albeit very good ones. In other words, they can predict, with a high degree of accuracy, the answer to a specific prompt because they’ve been trained on huge amounts of data. This is impressive, but it’s not at a human level of performance in terms of creativity, logical reasoning, sensory perception, and other capabilities. By contrast, AGI tools could feature cognitive and emotional abilities—like empathy—indistinguishable from those of a human.
Thursday, February 20, 2025
SUPERHUMAN Coder in 2025? New OpenAI Paper... - Wes Roth, YouTube
This podcast by Wes Roth discusses OpenAI's research paper on competitive programming using large reasoning models (LRMs). It highlights the use of reinforcement learning to improve large language models for complex coding and reasoning tasks. The podcast introduces models like 01, 03, and 01 II, which have shown strong performance in competitive programming benchmarks such as the International Olympiad in Informatics and Codeforces. It explores the progress from AlphaCode to the advanced 03 model, which is nearing superhuman coding abilities. The discussion also considers the broader implications of AI in software engineering and the job market, and compares domain-specific models with general-purpose models, suggesting that scaled-up, general models with reinforcement learning are more promising for advanced [approaching superhuman] AI in reasoning. (summary provided by Gemini 2.0 Flash Thinking Experimental with reasoning across Google apps)
Groundbreaking BBC research shows issues with over half the answers from Artificial Intelligence (AI) assistants
Wednesday, February 19, 2025
Thinking Out Loud With AI - Ray Schroeder Inside Higher Ed
I had the pleasure recently to participate in a lifelong learning session with a group of mostly current or retired educators at my nearby Lincoln Land Community College. The topic was AI in education. It became clear to me that many in our field are challenged to keep up with the rapidly emerging developments in AI. While OpenAI's latest version of Deep Research is not available to the general public at this time, online demonstrations show that this very powerful tool conducts both reasoning and far-reaching analysis. It puts us on the cusp of artificial general intelligence. In addition, with the advent of new competitors both here and abroad, we are seeing new options for open-source models and alternative approaches. As these become more efficient and reliable, prices are headed lower while features continue to expand. The vision of AGI seems only months, not years, away. How are these highly advanced tools going to be used by your university to enhance teaching, learning, research and other mission-centric tasks?
A new operating model for people management: More personal, more tech, more human - McKinsey
Tuesday, February 18, 2025
Does OpenAI's Deep Research signal the end of human-only scholarship? - Andrew Maynard, The Future of Being Human
This past Sunday, OpenAI launched Deep Research — an extension of its growing platform of AI tools, and one which the company claims is an “agent that can do work for you independently … at the level of a research analyst.” I got access to the new tool first thing yesterday morning, and immediately put it to work on a project I’ve been meaning to explore for some time: writing a comprehensive framing paper on navigating advanced technology transitions. I’m not quite sure what I was expecting, but I didn’t anticipate being impressed as much as I was. I’m well aware of the debates and discussions around whether current advances in AI are substantial, or merely smoke and mirrors hype. But even given the questions and limitations here, I find myself beginning to question the value of human-only scholarship in the emerging age of AI. And my experiences with Deep Research have only enhanced this.
GPT-5 Will Be Smarter Than Me: OpenAI CEO Sam Altman - Office Chai
OpenAI CEO Sam Altman has said that GPT-5 — the company’s upcoming large language model — will be smarter than he is. “How many people feel they are smarter than GPT 4? ” he asked the audience at an event, and several hands went up. “Okay, how many of you think you’re still going to be smarter than GPT 5?” he asked, and slightly fewer hands went up. “I don’t think I’m going to be smarter than GPT 5,” Altman declared.
Monday, February 17, 2025
Google Rolls Back AI Promises and DEI Measures as Staff Ask, ‘Are We the Bad Guys Now?’ - Kit Eaton, Inc.
OpenAI now reveals more of its o3-mini model’s thought process - Kyle Wiggers, Tech Crunch
Sunday, February 16, 2025
Exploring the use of ChatGPT in higher education - PLOS, Techexplorist
ChatGPT Search is now free for everyone, no OpenAI account required – is it time to ditch Google? - John-Anthony Disotto, Tech Radar
Saturday, February 15, 2025
ChatGPT's Deep Research just identified 20 jobs it will replace. Is yours on the list? - Sabrina Ortiz, ZDnet
Min Choi, an X user whose account is dedicated to sharing informational AI content, asked Deep Research to "List 20 jobs that OpenAI o3 reasoning model will replace huma n with into a table format ordered by probability. Columns are Rank, Job, Why Better Than Human, Probability." Choi then shared the results of the chat via an X post, which has since garnered 984,000 views:
https://chatgpt.com/share/67a17688-7dbc-8013-b843-9812b97b6c83
A new operating model for people management: More personal, more tech, more human - McKinsey
The way organizations manage their most important assets—their people—is ready for a fundamental transformation. New technologies, hybrid working practices, multigenerational workforces, heightened geopolitical risks, and other major disruptions are prompting leaders to rethink their methods for attracting, developing, and retaining employees. In the past year alone, for instance, we have seen more and more companies adopt, innovate, and invest in technology—particularly in gen AI—in ways that have spurred more changes to people operations than we have observed in the past decade.
The Industry Reacts to OpenAI's Deep Research - "Hard Takeoff" - Matthew Berman, YouTube
Matthew Berman responds to the release of OpenAI's "Deep Research." Generalized PhD: Deep Research's performance on STEM benchmarks surpasses that of human PhDs, demonstrating the potential for AI to outperform humans in specialized fields. Economic Impact: Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, estimates that Deep Research can already accomplish a single-digit percentage of all economically valuable tasks in the world. Game Changer for Research: Deep Research is being used in various fields, including medicine, to assist with research, publishing, and even patient care. Google's Response: Google employees have expressed surprise and amusement at OpenAI's decision to name their product Deep Research, which is the same name as Google's research product. Overall, the podcast conveys a sense of excitement and urgency about the rapid advancements in AI and the potential impact on society. Berman emphasizes the importance of understanding and adapting to these changes as AI continues to evolve. (summary provided in part by Gemini 2.0)
Friday, February 14, 2025
Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei warns: AI will match ‘country of geniuses’ by 2026 - Michael Nuñez, Venture Beat
AI will match the collective intelligence of “a country of geniuses” within two years, Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei has warned in a sharp critique of this week’s AI Action Summit in Paris. His timeline — targeting 2026 or 2027 — marks one of the most specific predictions yet from a major AI leader about the technology’s advancement toward superintelligence. Amodei labeled the Paris summit a “missed opportunity,” challenging the international community’s leisurely pace toward AI governance. His warning arrives at a pivotal moment, as democratic and authoritarian nations compete for dominance in AI development.
OpenAI DEEP RESEARCH Surprises Everyone "Feel the AGI" Moment is here... - Wes Roth, YouTube
Wes Roth is discussing OpenAI's latest release, a new AI agent with deep research capabilities. This agent can conduct multi-step research on the internet, synthesize information, and reason about it, taking up to 30 minutes to return comprehensive answers. This technology has shown impressive results on benchmarks like "Humanity's Last Exam" and has the potential to revolutionize fields like medicine, as demonstrated by a personal story shared by an OpenAI employee. The agent's ability to access and process information, including personal data, makes it a powerful tool for research and decision-making. While currently available on the Pro Plan, this feature will soon be accessible to a wider audience, promising significant changes in how people access and utilize information. (summary provided by Gemini 2.0 Flash)
Thursday, February 13, 2025
OpenAI launches ChatGPT for government agencies - Emma Roth, the Verge
OpenAI has launched ChatGPT Gov, a version of its flagship chatbot that’s tailored to government agencies. The company says the tool will let US government agencies securely access OpenAI’s frontier models, like GPT-4o. As noted by OpenAI, government agencies can deploy ChatGPT Gov within their own Microsoft Azure cloud instance, making it easier to manage security and privacy requirements. OpenAI says the launch could help advance the use of OpenAI’s tools “for the handling of non-public sensitive data.”
Implementing Artificial Intelligence in Academic and Administrative Processes Through Responsible Strategic Leadership in the Higher Education Institutions - Suleman Ahmad Khairullah, Frontiers in Education
This review explores the substantial impact of integrating AI in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), from improving education delivery to enhancing student outcomes and streamlining administrative processes and strategic leadership.By catering to the diverse learning needs of students with the help of tools that directly affect academics, monitor student engagement and performance, and provide data-driven interventions, AI offers what the HEIs have long been waiting for to revolutionise the overall Higher Education landscape. This review also highlights that with AI's ability to streamline administrative tasks by enhancing admissions and enrolment processes, academic records management system, and financial aid and scholarships processes, AI not only facilitates improving the overall processes but also makes staff and faculty members focus less on mundane and monotonous tasks, hence concentrating more on the responsibilities and strategic initiatives that require focused attention.We identified that the key to unlocking the significant potential of AI is responsible strategic leadership.
Wednesday, February 12, 2025
OPENAI ROADMAP UPDATE FOR GPT-4.5 and GPT-5: - Sam Altman, X
We want to do a better job of sharing our intended roadmap, and a much better job simplifying our product offerings. We want AI to “just work” for you; we realize how complicated our model and product offerings have gotten. We hate the model picker as much as you do and want to return to magic unified intelligence. We will next ship GPT-4.5, the model we called Orion internally, as our last non-chain-of-thought model. After that, a top goal for us is to unify o-series models and GPT-series models by creating systems that can use all our tools, know when to think for a long time or not, and generally be useful for a very wide range of tasks. In both ChatGPT and our API, we will release GPT-5 as a system that integrates a lot of our technology, including o3. We will no longer ship o3 as a standalone model. The free tier of ChatGPT will get unlimited chat access to GPT-5 at the standard intelligence setting (!!), subject to abuse thresholds. Plus subscribers will be able to run GPT-5 at a higher level of intelligence, and Pro subscribers will be able to run GPT-5 at an even higher level of intelligence. These models will incorporate voice, canvas, search, deep research, and more.
Leading Through Disruption: Higher Education Leaders Assess AI’s Impacts on Teaching and Learning - Elon University and AAC&U
Higher education leaders grapple with difficult challenges as artificial intelligence tools spread on campus, but they think there will eventually be better student learning outcomes as teaching models change. The spread of artificial intelligence tools in education has disrupted key aspects of teaching and learning on the nation’s campuses and will likely lead to significant changes in classwork, student assignments and even the role of colleges and universities in the country, according to a national survey of higher education leaders. The survey was conducted Nov. 4-Dec. 7, 2024, by the American Association of Colleges & Universities (AAC&U) and Elon University’s Imagining the Digital Future Center.
Tuesday, February 11, 2025
DeepSeek R1 Replicated for $30 | Berkley's STUNNING Breakthrough Sparks a Revolution - Wes Roth, YouTube
\Researchers at UC Berkeley have replicated the core technology of DeepSeek's R1 AI model for only $30. This is a significant breakthrough that could democratize AI research. The Berkeley team was able to achieve similar results to DeepSeek's R1 model, which was trained on a massive dataset of text and code. The Berkeley team's model was able to learn how to play the game of Go without any human data, solely through self-play. This breakthrough could lead to the development of more sophisticated AI models that can be used for a variety of tasks. The research is still in its early stages, but it has the potential to revolutionize the field of AI. (summary provided by Gemini 2.0)
When Academia Meets AI: A Journey Toward Ethical Innovation - Sol Saga
Monday, February 10, 2025
Building Colossus: Supermicro’s groundbreaking AI supercomputer built for Elon Musk’s xAI - Venture Beat
Student-AI Relationships: The Rise of Artificial Intimacy - Kris Hendrikx, Diggit
Sunday, February 09, 2025
OpenAI launches ChatGPT for government agencies - Emma Roth, the Verge
OpenAI has launched ChatGPT Gov, a version of its flagship chatbot that’s tailored to government agencies. The company says the tool will let US government agencies securely access OpenAI’s frontier models, like GPT-4o. As noted by OpenAI, government agencies can deploy ChatGPT Gov within their own Microsoft Azure cloud instance, making it easier to manage security and privacy requirements. OpenAI says the launch could help advance the use of OpenAI’s tools “for the handling of non-public sensitive data.”
Chinese firms ‘distilling’ US AI models to create rival products, warns OpenAI - the Guardian
Saturday, February 08, 2025
The rise of synthetic respondents in market research - Martin Levanti and Courtenay Verret, Nielsen IQ
She lost her scholarship over an AI allegation — and it impacted her mental health - Rachel Hale, USA TODAY
University of North Georgia student Marley Stevens was sitting in her car when she got the email notification: Her professor had given her a zero on a paper and accused her of using artificial intelligence to cheat. Her offense? Using Grammarly, a spell check plug-in that utilizes AI, to proofread a paper. Despite the tool being listed as a recommended resource on UNG’s site, Stevens was put on academic probation after a misconduct and appeals process that lasted six months. Getting a zero on the paper impacted her GPA, and she lost her scholarship as a result. She was already taking Lexapro for diagnosed anxiety and struggling with a chronic heart condition before the ordeal. In the months during and after, her mental health plummeted.
Friday, February 07, 2025
Survey: Higher Ed Leaders Doubt Student Preparedness for AI - Luciana Perez Uribe Guinassi, The Charlotte Observer
Anthropic chief says AI could surpass “almost all humans at almost everything” shortly after 2027 - Benj Edwards, Ars Technica
Thursday, February 06, 2025
AI agents may soon surpass people as primary application users - Joe McKendrick, ZDnet
Setting a Context for Agentic AI in Higher Ed - Ray Schroeder, Inside Higher Ed
On Jan. 23, OpenAI released a research preview of an agent called Operator, level 3, that can use its own browser to perform tasks for users. The tool is still in preview. It will require further development and refinement. Yet, this early version of a computer-using agent shows the enormous potential of the tool to enhance and enable efficiency and effectiveness in daily use in higher education teaching, learning and administration. Still to come this year is likely to be the level-4 Innovator that will mark artificial general intelligence. The AGI definition varies, but centers on an AI tool that encompasses broadly the collective knowledge and intelligence of a human. There is speculation that AGI does already exist in developmental models at the frontier AI enterprises such as OpenAI, Microsoft, Google, Anthropic, Meta and others. It may be two more years before the awe-inspiring artificial super intelligent tools are released.
Wednesday, February 05, 2025
How are colleges handling AI? An Elon University survey asked. - Luciana Perez Uribe Guinassi, NewsObserver
DeepSeek’s Safety Guardrails Failed Every Test Researchers Threw at Its AI Chatbot - Matt Burgess, Wired
Tuesday, February 04, 2025
‘A death penalty’: Ph.D. student says U of M expelled him over unfair AI allegation - Feven Gerezgiher, MPR News
DeepSeek R1 - o1 Performance, Completely Open-Source - Matthew Berman, YouTube
Monday, February 03, 2025
For AI to make government work better, reduce risk and increase transparency - Valerie Wirtschafter, Brookings
"Super Agent" and THE END Of Human Work - Wes Roth, YouTube
Roth discusses recent rumors and developments in the field of AI, including:
- Mark Zuckerberg's statements on replacing mid-level engineers with AI, and subsequent layoffs at Facebook.
- OpenAI's upcoming announcement of "PhD-level super agents," AI capable of complex human tasks, and its potential impact on various sectors.
- The US government's involvement in AI development, with a focus on national security and the AI arms race with China.
- The potential for AI to lead to catastrophe or improve human life, and the importance of a balanced approach to AI development.
- The role of AI in the workforce, and the potential for job displacement.
- The importance of staying ahead in the AI race, and the potential consequences of falling behind.
Roth also discusses the views of various experts and leaders on AI, including Jake Sullivan, Mark Andreessen, and Leopold Aschenbrenner. He concludes by emphasizing the rapid pace of AI development and the potential for significant changes in the near future.
Sunday, February 02, 2025
Salesforce Founder on Why They Aren’t Hiring More Engineers - MOONSHOTS, Peter H. Diamandis
This video features a discussion with the Salesforce Founder, where they explain the company's decision to not hire more engineers despite predicting a 30% increase in productivity.
https://youtu.be/ey_MM1x-mu4?
Teen ChatGPT Usage Surges: What Does This Mean for Education? - Alex McFarland, Unite.ai
Saturday, February 01, 2025
An AI Chatbot Took A Graduate Course And Got An A. No One Noticed. - Forbes
\For nearly an entire semester last year, a student enrolled in an online Masters-level course in health administration at a University in South Carolina was doing really well, participating in class discussion boards, contributing to live online seminars, and getting very high marks on written work and quizzes. But it was not a student at all. It was an AI chatbot – ChatGPT (GPT-4) – surreptitiously enrolled in the course as part of a test by academic researchers. They wanted to see whether a chatbot could do graduate-level coursework, and whether the work of a chatbot would be noticed or caught by anyone.